60 points by tosh 3 days ago | 17 comments on HN
| Moderate positive Editorial
· v3.7 · 2026-02-26
Summary Education & Knowledge Access Champions
This Wikipedia article on PL/0, a programming language, exemplifies the platform's fundamental commitment to universal access to knowledge and education. The article itself, freely accessible globally in multiple languages, directly supports Article 19 (free expression), Article 26 (right to education), and Article 27 (participation in scientific progress). The underlying structural characteristics of Wikipedia—open editing, transparent governance, community participation, and comprehensive attribution—consistently align with UDHR principles across civic, social, and cultural domains.
Interesting. The article states "The compiler prints the value as a given variable changes." -- surely it means the program does, and not the compiler?
"The publisher of Wirth's books (Addison-Wesley) has decided to phase out all his books, but Wirth has published revised editions of his book beginning in 2004."
That is sad, but the revised editions seem to be published online.
The older I get the more I prefer Wirth syntax languages with keyworded blocks and := assignment operators, and regret how C block syntax and =/== took over.
I learned first on Pascal & Modula-2 and only picked up C later and while I appreciated its terse minimalism at the time and through the 90s, I actually don't at all now. I find it less readable.
To all interested in this little treasure, I transcribed the source code of the PL/0 compiler from the book "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs", published by Nicklaus Wirth in 1976, and adapted it to run in Free Pascal.
- The original compiler does not define nor implements "read" or "write" statements, as was the norm in later PL/0 implementations.
- The source code in the book corresponds to the implementation in the CDC 6000 that Wirth had at hand back then. That machine used the CDC Display Code:
a 6 bit character code from before the ASCII times. Among its 64 characters, it includes single symbols for "<>", "<=" and ">=". In an attempt to change the code the least to make it run as original as possible, I changed those three character to #, { and }, as the symbols in the lexer are implemented using an array of char (only the assignment is treated as a special case).
- The interpreter printing out the values of every variable assignment, noted by another reader of this post, was a way of getting some information of the running program, since the compiler does not implement read or write statements.
- Following the compiler code, full of single letter variable names, was not the most exciting part.
I have always disliked the := as assignment operator convention. In these declarative languages, assignment is done frequently. There is little cognitive load to using '=' as assignment, although perhaps a bit jarring for math folk.
<- is somewhat better, but, again, for such a common operation, a single character is just more convenient. Sure, we could have editors that turn "=" into := or <- but now we're getting too fancy especially for something pedagogical.
I also don't mind the -> for C pointers; and certainly don't mind the <= >= or even == conventions (although at least today's compilers warn when they see "if (a=b) ...".
Ultimately, humans won't be writing code anymore anyway ( ;-) ?) so maybe the issue is entirely moot.
It might be more precisely stated something like "The language's semantics require that when a variable changes value, that change includes the side-effect of printing the new value."
> I have always disliked the := as assignment operator convention. In these declarative languages, assignment is done frequently.
> I also don't mind the -> for C pointers
Mmm. These two opinions should be contradictory if held on principle as opposed being held out of impression.
it = next(it);
if ((*it)->node->op == EQ) ...
vs.
it := next(it);
if it.node.op = EQ ...
Eh. I don't really mind either of those except for the stupid parens after the "if" in the first case.
Technically, if you don't make assignment an expression, you can even get away with using "=" for both. And "->" exists only because structs originally weren't really typechecked; you could take any pointer and just do "->struct_field" at it, and the compiler would auto-cast.
Using '=' for both assignment and comparison is awkward when parsing incomplete code. Consider e.g.:
j = 5;
The user starts writing (<|> is the cursor position):
i = <|>
j = 5;
This is a valid expression (i is a boolean). But the user probably intends to finish writing something like:
i = 0;
j = 5;
So in the intermediate state we would like to emit a single warning about an incomplete statement. But since it is valid as written, we instead end up warning about e.g. j being unbound.
The := vs = debate is a prime example of bikeshedding for programmers. Probably hundreds of thousands of words have been written about it in various online forums. Everyone has an opinion but the truth is that it doesn't matter that much. You learn to use a new Algol-family language, you learn how it does assignment, you move on.
I think the name was likely a tongue-in-cheek reference to PL/I being notoriously complex to implement a compiler for. Wirth designed a language for teaching that had an extremely small set of features (making its complexity much closer to "0" than "1"). It is basically a small subset of Pascal.
Editorial Channel
What the content says
+0.55
Article 19Freedom of Expression
High A:free_expression A:information_access P:open_publishing
Editorial
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SETL
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Article exemplifies free expression through collaborative authorship; neutral content freely presents information to readers; no censorship of technical knowledge
FW Ratio: 57%
Observable Facts
Anyone can edit article without prior approval; edits published immediately.
Article content is freely accessible to all readers without paywalls.
Editing history is transparent showing all contributions.
Users can express views on talk pages without pre-censorship.
Inferences
Open editing model directly manifests freedom to express ideas and share information.
Unrestricted reader access supports freedom to seek and receive information.
Transparent publishing process exemplifies freedom from arbitrary suppression.
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Article 26Education
High A:education_access A:knowledge_sharing P:universal_access
Editorial
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SETL
-0.23
Article exemplifies education goal by providing free technical knowledge; content authored with educational purpose; enables learning without barriers
FW Ratio: 63%
Observable Facts
Article is freely accessible to anyone with internet connection.
Content is available in multiple language versions globally.
Technical information presented in accessible format for learners.
No registration or payment required to access educational content.
Accessibility features enable access for users with disabilities.
Inferences
Free global access exemplifies Article 26 principle of universal right to education.
Multilingual availability supports education access regardless of native language.
Open licensing enables reuse for educational purposes worldwide.
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Article 27Cultural Participation
High A:cultural_participation A:scientific_progress P:knowledge_sharing
Editorial
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SETL
-0.15
Article documents scientific/technical achievement (PL/0 programming language); shares knowledge of human cultural and scientific progress; enables participation in scientific community
FW Ratio: 63%
Observable Facts
Article documents scientific achievement in computer programming.
Content shares knowledge of technological progress freely.
Information is presented in format enabling scientific understanding.
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Knowledge is available for building upon and advancing further research.
Inferences
Free access to scientific knowledge supports participation in cultural and scientific progress.
Documentation of PL/0 preserves scientific heritage for future advancement.
Open sharing enables global scientific community to benefit from achievements.
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PreamblePreamble
Medium F:dignity_recognition F:international_cooperation
Editorial
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SETL
-0.14
Article discusses technical history and context of PL/0 programming language with balanced factual presentation; implicit recognition of human intellectual achievement and knowledge sharing
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Page presents PL/0 as an educational programming language created in 1975.
Content is freely accessible without paywalls or registration requirements.
Article is available in multiple language versions through Wikipedia's interlingual system.
Inferences
The free educational presentation aligns with UDHR preamble's emphasis on promoting human progress and dignity through knowledge.
Multilingual availability supports the preamble's aspiration for universal recognition of equal rights across linguistic communities.
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Article 18Freedom of Thought
Medium F:thought_freedom F:conscience_protection
Editorial
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SETL
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Article presents technical information neutrally without imposing ideology; readers free to accept or reject ideas presented
FW Ratio: 60%
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Article employs neutral point of view policy avoiding ideological imposition.
Technical content is presented factually without advocacy.
Multiple perspectives on topics are documented where relevant.
Inferences
Neutral presentation respects reader freedom to form own judgments without ideological pressure.
NPOV policy protects freedom of thought by avoiding thought control.
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Article 28Social & International Order
Medium F:social_order P:community_governance
Editorial
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SETL
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Article content emerges from community-established editorial standards; reflects social order enabling peaceful knowledge sharing
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Article follows community standards (NPOV, verifiability) established for peaceful cooperation.
Content reviewed by multiple editors ensuring quality standards.
Wikipedia exists in most countries under legal frameworks supporting knowledge access.
Inferences
Community standards establish social order supporting peaceful knowledge sharing.
Transnational platform promotes international cooperation on shared knowledge goals.
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Article 7Equality Before Law
Medium F:equal_protection P:community_governance
Editorial
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SETL
-0.13
Article presents neutral information equally to all readers; no differentiation in treatment of information based on user characteristics
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Community policies apply uniformly to all editors regardless of status.
Dispute resolution mechanisms are publicly documented and available.
Article content follows consistent editorial standards applied to all entries.
Inferences
Uniform policy application demonstrates commitment to equal protection under community rules.
Public dispute processes ensure fair treatment of all editors.
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Article 13Freedom of Movement
Medium F:free_movement P:access
Editorial
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SETL
-0.13
Article is freely accessible from any geographic location; no restrictions based on nationality or residence
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Page is accessible from any country without geographic restrictions.
Content available in multiple language versions for international access.
No user registration required to access information.
Inferences
Global, unrestricted access supports freedom of movement to seek information across borders.
Multilingual availability enables access regardless of national location.
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Article 17Property
Medium F:intellectual_property P:attribution
Editorial
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SETL
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Article provides explicit recognition of creator's intellectual property through attribution; acknowledges authorship rights
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Creator Niklaus Wirth is named as PL/0 inventor.
Content licensing includes attribution requirements.
Intellectual property protections are enforced through license terms.
Inferences
Named attribution protects creators' property rights in their intellectual work.
Licensing system ensures property rights are recognized and protected.
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Article 20Assembly & Association
Medium F:peaceful_assembly F:association
Editorial
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SETL
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Article emerges from peaceful collaborative community; editors voluntarily associate for knowledge creation without coercion
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Wikipedia contributors voluntarily collaborate on article creation.
Community edit discussions occur without violence or coercion.
User groups enable association around shared editing interests.
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Voluntary collaboration model respects freedom of peaceful assembly.
Community governance enables free association of editors.
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Article 21Political Participation
Medium F:participation F:democracy
Editorial
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SETL
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Article creation involves democratic input from community editors; no single authority dictates content; ideas evaluated on merit
FW Ratio: 67%
Observable Facts
Article reflects consensus of multiple editors through collaborative process.
Edit wars are resolved through discussion and voting when needed.
Admin selections involve community input through RfA processes.
All users have equal right to participate in article creation and governance.
Inferences
Collaborative consensus model reflects democratic participation in content governance.
Equal editing rights embody principle of equal political participation.
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Article 29Duties to Community
Medium F:community_duties P:responsibility
Editorial
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SETL
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Article demonstrates community responsibility through verifiable sourcing and neutral presentation; authors exercise duty to accuracy and fairness
FW Ratio: 57%
Observable Facts
Article sources must be verifiable, reflecting author responsibility to accuracy.
NPOV policy requires fair representation of viewpoints, enforcing responsible expression.
Community moderation addresses violations of conduct standards.
Edit disputes settled through consensus reflecting shared responsibility.
Inferences
Verification requirements enforce author responsibility to accuracy.
NPOV policy balances free expression with responsibility to fair presentation.
Community moderation reflects collective duty to prevent harm.
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Article 1Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood
Medium F:equal_dignity
Editorial
+0.25
SETL
-0.19
Article content treats all contributors and readers equally regardless of background; neutral presentation without discrimination
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
The article was collaboratively authored by multiple Wikipedia contributors.
Editing history is publicly visible and available to anyone.
User contributions are attributed without regard to personal characteristics.
Inferences
Open editing reflects commitment to equal dignity by treating all potential contributors as capable knowledge creators.
Public attribution system acknowledges individual human contributions equally.
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Article 8Right to Remedy
Medium F:recognition P:attribution
Editorial
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SETL
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Article provides explicit recognition and naming of the creator (Niklaus Wirth) and contributions; acknowledges intellectual property through attribution
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Creator Niklaus Wirth is named and credited for developing PL/0.
Wikimedia content is released under clear licenses acknowledging creator rights.
Edit histories preserve attribution of all contributions.
Inferences
Named creator attribution protects right to recognition of authorship.
Open licensing model provides legal framework protecting intellectual creative rights.
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Article 10Fair Hearing
Medium F:fair_process P:transparency
Editorial
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SETL
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Article content undergoes transparent editorial process with verifiability requirements; sources documented; dispute resolution available for content disagreements
FW Ratio: 60%
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Edit history is publicly visible showing all changes.
Talk pages document editorial discussions and rationales.
Content must cite verifiable sources per Wikipedia standards.
Inferences
Public transparency and source requirements support fair process and equal treatment in content disputes.
Talk page discussions enable stakeholders to present their case before content changes.
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Article 15Nationality
Low F:national_identity
Editorial
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Article does not address nationality; neutral technical content without national bias
FW Ratio: 67%
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Platform transcends national boundaries.
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Transnational character implies no discrimination based on nationality.
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Article 22Social Security
Low F:social_security
Editorial
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SETL
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Article provides educational content supporting self-realization through learning about programming languages
FW Ratio: 67%
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Article provides technical information supporting educational self-development.
Content is freely accessible enabling equal learning opportunity.
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Free educational content supports social security goal of personal development.
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Article 25Standard of Living
Medium F:healthcare_access F:education_access
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SETL
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Article supports education on programming language; contributes to knowledge necessary for developing technological solutions to human welfare
FW Ratio: 60%
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Article provides educational information freely accessible globally.
Content supports learning in programming and computer science.
No financial barriers to accessing educational material.
Inferences
Free educational access supports Article 25 goal of adequate standard of living through knowledge.
Universal availability enables equal access to welfare-supporting information.
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Article 2Non-Discrimination
Low F:non_discrimination
Editorial
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SETL
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Article discusses technical subject matter without discriminatory framing; no evidence of stereotyping or exclusionary language
FW Ratio: 67%
Observable Facts
Article text contains neutral, technical language throughout.
No demographic or identity-based stereotypes appear in content.
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Neutral technical presentation avoids reinforcing social hierarchies through discriminatory framing.
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Article 6Legal Personhood
Low F:human_agency
Editorial
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Article recognizes humans as creators of technology; implicit recognition of personhood in crediting inventor and contributors
FW Ratio: 67%
Observable Facts
Article attributes PL/0 creation to Niklaus Wirth by name.
Edit history preserves individual contributor attribution.
Inferences
Named attribution of invention to individuals affirms personhood and agency of creators.
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Article 12Privacy
Medium P:privacy_protection
Editorial
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SETL
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Article content does not expose private information; neutral presentation respects privacy of individuals mentioned
FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Page supports anonymous reading without requiring accounts or tracking.
Limited advertising and tracking compared to commercial platforms.
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Inferences
Minimal surveillance infrastructure protects privacy and freedom from arbitrary interference.
Anonymous participation options protect users from unwanted exposure of thought and opinion.
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Article 23Work & Equal Pay
Low F:work_rights
Editorial
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SETL
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Article documents historical programming language relevant to computing work; neutral treatment of subject
FW Ratio: 67%
Observable Facts
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Inferences
Voluntary contribution model respects freedom to choose work participation.
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Article 24Rest & Leisure
Low F:rest_leisure
Editorial
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Article does not address rest or leisure rights.
FW Ratio: 67%
Observable Facts
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No work quotas or mandatory participation imposed.
Inferences
Voluntary contribution model respects autonomy over time and rest.
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Article 30No Destruction of Rights
Low F:prevention_of_abuse
Editorial
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SETL
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Article content does not advocate destruction of UDHR rights; neutral technical presentation poses no abuse risk
FW Ratio: 75%
Observable Facts
Content moderation prevents use of platform for promoting human rights abuse.
Community policies prohibit hate speech and incitement.
Technical article contains no advocacy for rights destruction.
Inferences
Moderation systems prevent platform misuse for promoting human rights violations.
ND
Article 3Life, Liberty, Security
Medium P:user_security
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FW Ratio: 60%
Observable Facts
Page header indicates anonymous users can edit ('wgUserName':null).
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User anonymity is explicitly supported in Wikipedia's systems.
Inferences
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Minimal data collection reduces surveillance risks for vulnerable users in restrictive environments.
ND
Article 4No Slavery
Article on programming language topic does not engage with slavery or servitude.
ND
Article 5No Torture
Low P:user_protection
Wikipedia community policies prohibit harassment and abuse; content moderation systems and community enforcement reduce torture/cruel treatment risks
FW Ratio: 67%
Observable Facts
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ND
Article 9No Arbitrary Detention
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ND
Article 11Presumption of Innocence
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ND
Article 14Asylum
Low F:asylum_support
Wikipedia as open platform provides refuge for persecuted voices through anonymous publication and protection from surveillance
FW Ratio: 67%
Observable Facts
Anonymous editing enables individuals to publish without identity exposure.
Platform protects anonymity through technical systems.
Inferences
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ND
Article 16Marriage & Family
Article on technical topic does not engage with marriage or family.
Structural Channel
What the site does
Domain Context Profile
Element
Modifier
Affects
Note
Privacy
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Article 3 Article 5 Article 12
Wikipedia maintains standard privacy practices for users; anonymous editing supported; transparent data handling
Terms of Service
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Article 19 Article 20
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Accessibility
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Article 26 Article 27
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Mission
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Article 19 Article 26 Article 27
Wikipedia's mission of free knowledge dissemination directly supports freedom of information and education
Editorial Code
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Article 19 Article 20
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Ownership
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Article 19 Article 20 Article 26
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Access Model
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Article 19 Article 25 Article 26
Free, open-access educational content available globally supports right to information and education without barriers
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Article 12
Limited advertising; primarily donation-supported; minimal tracking compared to commercial platforms
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Article 19Freedom of Expression
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Structural
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Context Modifier
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SETL
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Wikipedia fundamentally enables free expression through open editing, community publishing, and minimal content restrictions; readers have unrestricted access to information
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SETL
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Article 27Cultural Participation
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Structural
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SETL
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Article 3Life, Liberty, Security
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SETL
ND
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SETL
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Article 24Rest & Leisure
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Structural
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SETL
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Article 30No Destruction of Rights
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Structural
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Context Modifier
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SETL
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Article 14Asylum
Low F:asylum_support
Structural
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Context Modifier
0.00
SETL
ND
Wikipedia as open platform provides refuge for persecuted voices through anonymous publication and protection from surveillance
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Article 15Nationality
Low F:national_identity
Structural
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Context Modifier
0.00
SETL
+0.11
Wikipedia operates across national borders; policies do not discriminate based on nationality
ND
Article 4No Slavery
Not applicable to technical reference content.
ND
Article 9No Arbitrary Detention
Not applicable to technical reference content.
ND
Article 11Presumption of Innocence
Not applicable to educational reference content.
ND
Article 16Marriage & Family
Not applicable to programming language reference content.